Women's+History

__**The Old South**__ (see ch. 11 textbook)
 * Southern gentlemen, "cavaliers," practiced a sort of chivalry, but were protective of women
 * females had little education
 * female slaves were often abused by their masters

**Elizabeth Keckley**- was able to buy her own freedom and her family's

__**Antebellum Period of Reform**__ (see ch. 12 textbook; p. 165 fast track) utopian societies Temperance=> ﻿turned into prohibition
 * **Mother Ann Lee**- Shakers
 * Women wanted to stop the effects of drunken husbands, who would abuse their wives and children.

Education
 * Mt. Holyoke opened as the first women's college
 * **Margaret Fuller**- a Transcendentalist who claimed education could make genders equal
 * **Emma Willard, Catharine Beecher**- created the Troy Female Seminary, Hartford Female Seminary respectively

Feminism/ Suffrage
 * **Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony**- ﻿met at Seneca Falls, "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" called for the right to vote
 * **Lucy Stone**- American Women's Suffrage Association

Asylum/Prison
 * ** Dorothea Dix **

Abolition __**During The Civil War**__ (see ch. 14 textbook)
 * **Sarah and Angelina Grimke**- ﻿sisters; outspoken aboloitionists
 * **Sojourner Truth**- believed in a less violent tactic for abolition
 * **Harriet Tubman-** aided Underground Railroad
 * **Harriet Beecher Stowe**- __Uncle Tom's Cabin__ "the woman who started the Civil War" -Abe Lincoln
 * U.S. Sanitary Commission- **Dorothea Dix**
 * National Women's Loyal League- Stanton/ Anthony; abolition, women's suffrage
 * **Clara Barton-** American Red Cross

__**Reconstruction**__ (see ch. 15 textbook) __﻿__ __**Conquest of the Far West**__ ( Ch. 16) **__Industrialization__** (Ch. 17/18) **__From Crisis to Empire (Populist Era)__** (ch. 19) **__The Progressives__** (Ch. 20) __﻿__ __**World War I**__ (Ch. 21) __﻿__ __**The New Era (20's)**__ (Ch. 22) __﻿__ __**The Great Depression**__ (Ch. 23) __**The New Deal**__ (Ch. 24) __﻿__ __**America and World War II**__ (Ch. 26) __﻿__ __**The Affluent Society (50s and 60s)**__ (Ch. 28) __﻿__ __**Civil Rights, Vietnam, Liberalism**__ (Ch. 29)
 * **Maggie Lena**- African American woman; president of St. Luke Penny Savings Bank
 * **Ida B. Wells**- part of the anti-lynching movement
 * Women in the west gained the right to vote before those in the east. (pre-1920)
 * threat to ideal of a family supporting husband because women started working in the factories.
 * women gained lower wages than men; called "social problem"
 * **Leonora Barry**: ran the woman's Bureau of the Knights; worked for 8-hr day and abolition of child labor
 * Women's Trade Union League: secured protective legislation for women workers
 * **Alice Hamilton**: identified pollution in workplaces to promote better conditions
 * women became consumers (**Florence Kelley** and the National Consumers League)
 * **Louisa May Alcott, Kate Chopin** (authors/dime novels)
 * Mount Holyoke=1st all-women's college
 * **Mary Lease**: populist, joined with Farmers' Alliances to extend women's suffrage and temperance
 * **Queen Liliuokalani** of Hawaii: challenged growing American control of the islands
 * **Ida Tarbell:** study of the Standard Oil trust
 * professions: teaching, nursing ("helping" professions)
 * **Jane Addams:** Hull House (settlement house) helped immigrants adapt to the new culture
 * "the new woman"- comfortable mid-class living conditions, less children, and technological innovations.
 * General Federation of Women's Clubs, Nat'l Association of Colored Women
 * clubs allowed women to define a space for themselves in the public world
 * **Anna Howard, Carie Catt**- Nat'l American Women Suffrage Assoc. ; justified suffrage in less threatening ways
 * 19th Amendment: women's suffrage
 * **Alice Paul** - Nat'l Women's Party: wanted complete equality, in addition to suffrage
 * **Ida Wells Barnett**: crusader against lynching
 * **Frances Willard**- Women's Christian Temperance Union, Anti-Saloon League= complete prohibition (18th Amend.)
 * women enlisted
 * **Carrie Catt**- Women's Peace Party
 * Shepard Towner Maternity and Infancy Act- gov't funds supporting women and children's health
 * Cable Act- women citizenship without husband's status
 * women proposed amendment outlawing child labor (never ratified)
 * pink-collar jobs- low paying service occupations
 * changing ideas of motherhood, increase in social life with husband, birth control, the flapper, League of Women Voters
 * companionate marriages
 * **Dorothea Lange**- famous documentary photographer
 * **Margaret Mitchell**- //Gone with the Wind//
 * __﻿__**
 * **﻿Marian Anderson**- famous African American singer
 * **Frances Perkins**- 1st woman cabinet member: Secretary of Labor
 * **Molly Dewson**- led the Women's Division of the Democratic National Committee
 * **Hattie Caraway**- 1st woman in the U.S. Senate
 * jobs usually by gender- women moved into doing "men's work"
 * Rosie the Riveter
 * "government girls"- secretaries, etc. working for the U.S. gov. during the war
 * working women left their "8 hour orphans" in daycares; led to juvenile crime and a decrease in high school enrollment
 * the baby boom begins
 * the pinup girl enters American culture
 * the image of white, middle class, suburban enforces gender roles (women worked less)
 * **Rosa Parks**- indirectly began the Montgomery bus boycott by refusing to give up her seat
 * **Ella Baker**- began the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
 * **Frannie Lou Hamer**- Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

__**Practice Questions**__ (//see answers in the discussion//) 1. The Seneca Falls Convention is associated with which of the following reform movements? a. women's rights b. abolition c. education reform d. opposition to Jackson's policies toward Native Americans e. urban reform

2. American utopians a. attracted thousands of followers during the antebellum period b. had a consistent supporter in Nathaniel Hawthrone c. operated primarily in the south d. struggled to meet both the individual needs and the demands of a communal society e. never developed a large following

3. As women in various reform movements confronted the problems they faced in a male- dominated society, they responded by a. withdrawing from the movements b. accepting the notion that men and women were assigned separate "spheres" in society. c. focusing their attention on religious matters. d. setting in motion the first important feminist movement. e. establishing the W.C.T.U.

4. Which of the following groups was most involved in the feminist movement? a. Baptists b. Episcopalians c. Mormons d. Shakers e. Quakers

5. After 1830, which of the following reform movements began to overshadow the others? a. antislavery b. women's rights c. temperance d. education e. rehabilitation

6. During the Civil War, Northern women a. did not become involved in the conflict. b. tried to get the men they knew to stay home. c. entered nursing, a field previously dominated by men. d. did work at home but made no contribution to the needs of employers for additional labor. e. organized anti-war protests.

7. The most concrete legacy of the Civil War for Southern white women was the a. recognition that women could do men's work and the opening of more employment opportunities. b. elevation in status they enjoyed when the slaves were freed. c. decimation of the male population and the creation of a major sexual imbalance in the region. d. the loss of status when the slaves were freed. e. All these answers are correct.

How did the reform movement affect the status of women? What role did women play in these efforts to change society and what were they able to accomplish? (Be sure to consult previous chapters to understand the change that was taking place.)