Native+Americans

__Incas__ __Mayans__
 * __Native American History__**
 * South/Central America and present day Mexico
 * created one of the first empires
 * first complex society
 * Central America and the Yucatan Peninsula
 * 1st written language
 * number system
 * calendar
 * agriculture system
 * key trade routes

__Aztecs__ __North American Indian Tribes__
 * first city-Tenochtitlan
 * public buildings
 * aqueducts
 * organized military
 * schools where all young males attended
 * medical system
 * slave force
 * tax system
 * open religion-human sacrifice
 * emphasized hunting and gathering
 * primarily agricultural societies
 * pueblos: buildings made out of stone and adobe-found first in Chaco Canyon
 * Cahokia-had a great amount of mounds, large population
 * most tribes were nomadic-land was infertile, farming was new
 * crops-corn, beans, squash, pumpkins
 * Algonquian-Native American language
 * Iroquois Nations-Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Mohawk, Onondaga
 * Muskogean-Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, Seminoles

__Culture of the Native Americans__ __Roles of Women__ __Roles of Men__
 * polytheistic-found gods in nature
 * totem poles-represented praise to gods
 * cared for children
 * prepared meals
 * gathered certain foods
 * tasks varied from tribe to tribe
 * tended to the fields
 * controlled social and economic aspects of Indian culture
 * served as the head of family; tribes were traced back matrilineally
 * hunted
 * fished
 * engaged in warfare
 * cleared land
 * farmed in some places

__Pueblo Revolt of 1680__ Spanish forced Native Americans to assimilate to their culture __Effects of Cultural Exchanges__
 * Native Americans were treated harshly by Spanish rulers
 * Pueblo's revolted against the Spanish gov't
 * resulted in a drought and destroying of crops
 * captured Santa Fe and were free from Spanish rule for 12 years, but then got taken over again by the Spanish
 * Native Americans became exposed to diseases when Europeans came to the New World-influenza, measles, chicken pox, mumps, typhus, small pox
 * treated the natives as savages
 * used brutal force against the Native Americans
 * Natives were considered inferior
 * mestizos-mix race, due to intermarriage of Indians and Europeans
 * exchanged crops
 * forced to be the main laborers for Europeans
 * French had a better relationship with the natives because they did not force them to assimilate to their culture, and there were not such overwhelming numbers of French men
 * French formed partnerships with Indians

__Jamestown__
 * white settlers organized raids on Indian villages to take food and supplies
 * Lord de La Warr-first governor of Jamestown
 * King James I-led an attack on the Indians
 * Suppressed the Powhatan Indians when they resisted European expansion
 * Pocahantas married white settler John Rolfe, hoping to civilize Indians
 * 1622-Indians pretended to want to exchange goods, but then led, by Opechancanough, a surprise attack on Jamestown
 * population of non-Indians who were living in the US doubled every 25 years

__Indians Working with Europeans__
 * French shared land with Indian territories in the north
 * worked with the French as traders and allies in military battles
 * reason why French were successful at being allies with the Indians is because they practiced tolerance
 * Iroquois Confederacy-kept independence by not getting too close to any white settlers

__French and Indian War__
 * Indians raided white settlements
 * William Pitt-appointed military commanders
 * Indians fought on behalf of the French
 * effects-England's land in the new world expanded, Britain fell into debt, started resentments between Americans and Brits, forced Americans for the first time to work together against a common foe, Britain and Indians stopped being allies, Indian tribes became divided

__Britain and the Tribes__
 * Indians objected to British expansion
 * Proclamation of 1763-stopped white settlers from settling beyond the Appalachian Mts.
 * mended relations temporarily
 * Britain tried to get Indians to fight with them in the revolution
 * Iroquois declared neutrality in the revolution
 * Joseph and Mary Brant-Mohawk leaders who wanted to help the British
 * 3/6 of the Iroquois nations supported Britain
 * Indians wanted Britain to win because Americans showed hostility toward them
 * Cherokee Indians attacked white settlements, along with other Indians
 * American attitude toward Indians-increasingly unfriendly
 * Indian tribes-even more divided when choosing sides (American vs British)
 * Gnadenhuetten (OH)-American forces attacked peaceful Indians (from Delaware)-killed 96 people including women and kids

__Indians and the West__
 * disputed western lands created conflict between Americans and Indians
 * Congress tried to persuade Indians by making them sign land treaties
 * Iroquois threatened to attack white settlements
 * Two tribes led by Little Turtle defeated United States forces in a battle near OH, but lost in the Battle of Fallen Timbers
 * Treaty of Greenville-gave lands to the US in exchange for an acknowledgement of Indian territories-proved the only the Indians had the power to give Americans lands

__Indians and the Constitution__
 * Indians, stated by the Constitution, will not be taxed and are not considered part of the American population
 * gave Congress power to control commerce with Indians
 * did not recogize Indian tribes as a foreign nation, but it did represent them as not a part of the US
 * no representation of Indians in the new gov't

__Indians in the 2nd Great Awakening__
 * many converted to Christian beliefs
 * many gave up alcohol and gambling
 * Handsome Lake-an Indian prophet who urged the tribes to reform

__Indian and American Exploration__
 * Sacajawea-helped Lewis and Clark across the Rocky Mts

__Leading into the War of 1812__
 * William henry Harrison vs. Tecumseh
 * Jefferson said: Indians can convert and assimilate or move west of the MS River
 * Separate tribes could not resist American forces
 * Tecumseh-wanted Indians to stay away from the sin of the white world-helped unite many Indian tribes
 * headquarters were at Tippecanoe Creek and Wabash River
 * negotiated treaties to stop settlers from getting their land
 * Battle of Tippecanoe-white forces attacked Indians and burned the town-many Indians lost hope in the Prophet and Tecumseh
 * Indians launched raids from FL

__War of 1812__ __Court and the Tribes__
 * Fort Dearborn-Indian attacks
 * Battle of Thames-Americans won, Indians lost hope and were vulnerable to white invasions of northern lands
 * Battle of Horseshoe Bend-Creek Indians-attacked whites in FL, Andrew Jackson defeated Creeks-killed women and children along with warriors
 * Treaty of Ghent-US gave land back to tribes that was seized during the war
 * end the of the war-caused whites to move even further west making it harder for Indians to continue to defend their land
 * //Johnson v. McIntosh-//see Supreme Court Cases
 * //Worcester v. Georgia-//see Supreme Court Cases
 * declared Congress' sovereignty over Indian tribes

__Whites and the Tribes__
 * "uncivilized but uncivilizable"
 * Blawk Hawk War-Black Hawk-leader of the Fox Indians, refused to acknowledge a treaty that granted whites land
 * whites attacked Black Hawk even after he tried to surrender
 * slaughtered most of the Indians
 * Five Civilized Tribes-Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole: had their own language and constitution=Cherokee Nation
 * Removal Act-gave money to Indians to relocate to the West
 * tribes couldn't resist
 * //Cherokee Nation v. Georgia-//see Supreme Court Cases
 * many Indians wouldn't leave so Jackson sent troops to force them westward
 * Trail of Tears-route taken by Indians leaving their homeland to go west
 * Indian Intercourse Act of 1834-created an Indian territory in the west
 * Seminole War-


 * Enforcement Act-forbade states from discriminating voting rights on the basis of race-helped elevate Native American social status slightly

__Native Americans in the Gilded Age__
 * Pueblos-lived in southwest of the US
 * Genizaros-Indians who leave their tribes
 * Plains Indians-Western tribes that lived as nomads-closely intertwined with family and nature-warriors, but they couldn't unite other tribes to fight against whites
 * Sioux, Arapho and Cheyenne-made an alliance to protect their settlements in the northern plains
 * Illnesses made Indians too weak to fight against the white
 * Taos Indians-killed American governor
 * US army harrassed Indians living in New Mexico
 * Under Spanish power, Indians were forced to tend to livestock and become farmers, weavers, brickmakers, and blacksmiths
 * Concentration Policy-the idea of establishing a great area (reservations) in which white demands for access of Indian territory forced Indians into a certain region
 * Reservations made Inidans easier to control by dividing tribes
 * Indian Peace Commission-wanted to peacefully handle the "Indian situation"
 * Bureau of Indian Affairs-planned to "civilized Indians"
 * Whites killed buffalo herds that the Indians relied on for food
 * Open plain/open range-killed buffalo

__The Indian Wars__
 * Little Crow-led the Sioux Indians in an attack against 700+ white people after being forced onto a reservation
 * Sand Creek Massacre-Indians attacked white territories-governor told the peaceful Indians to meet at an army post
 * Black Kettle-led the peaceful Indians near Fort Lyon at Sand Creek (Nov 1864)
 * Colonel J.M. Chivington-led troops to ambush the peaceful Indians, killing nearly 140 people, mainly women and children
 * Black Kettle escaped to the Texas border where he and his tribe were killed by George Custer's troops
 * Red Cloud-an Indian leader that burned forts that guarded the route to the Bozeman Trail, which was a road connecting WY to mining centers
 * Indian hunting-tracking down and murdering Indians as a sport-gave rewards for killers
 * Sioux Indians-led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, fled their reservation where they defeated the Seventh Cavalry led by George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn
 * Indians had to disband to search for food-Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull were killed
 * Nez Perce-moved to a reservation, where Indians got drunk and killed 4 whites
 * Chief Joseph-told the Nez Perce to flee to Canada after being chased by whites in a battle known as the Battle of Bird Canyon
 * Nez Perce were captured and shipped from place to place-died of disease and malnutrition
 * Apache War-last battle of the free Indians against whites
 * Whites killed 100+ Apaches and sold their children into slavery
 * Killed peaceful Indians by poisioning their food
 * Wovoka-an Indian prophet who had visions known as the Ghost Dance of Mystics-which envisioned whites surrendering
 * Wounded Knee-Dec. 29 1890-7th Cavalry rounded up 350 starving Indians and killed them execution style with machine guns
 * Dawes Severalty Act of 1887-ended the land ownership of tribal lands-Purpose was to get the Indians to assimilate
 * Adult Indians could become US citizens if they owned land for 25 years
 * Burke Act of 1906-an act to enforce the Dawes Act

__Indians and Schooling__
 * Hampton Institute-an all black school that accepted a group of Indian students
 * Richard Henry Pratt-organized the Carlisle Indian Industrial School-isolated Indians from their tribes and forced them to assimilate to white norms
 * Failed due to Indian resistance and lack of money


 * John Collier-new head of Indian Affairs; wanted to reverse the pressures that Americans had placed on the Indians to assimilate
 * Indian Reorganization Act of 1934-restored the tribes the right to own land collectively

Native Americans and the War
 * Ira Hayes-Indian who fought in WWI and raised the American flag at Iwo Jima
 * Code Talkers-Native Americans who worked over radios and telephones and spoke in their native language so enemies couldn't decipher it
 * Native Americans began to see the benefits of a capitalist society

Indian Civil Rights Movement
 * American Indian Movement-fought for civil liberties, support from Indians in urban areas and reservations
 * Indians Civil Rights Act-1968, recognized tribal law within reservations
 * Mohawk-Sioux-commissioner on Indian Affairs in 1969 who promised self determination and federal aid
 * Wounded Knee-demanded radical changes of the reservation's administration and insisted the government respect treaty obligations
 * US v. Wheeler-confirmed that tribes had independent legal standing and couldn't be terminated by Congress
 * County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation-supported Indian's claims of 100,000 acres of New York land
 * Termination-federal government withdrew all recognition of the tribes as legal entities-made Indians subject to local jurisdictions as white people